Spine surgery, also known as spinal surgery, is a medical procedure designed to treat spinal disorders, injuries, or conditions that cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, neck, or limbs. The goal of spine surgery is to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, stabilize the spine, and improve mobility and function. There are various types of spine surgery, including discectomy, laminectomy, spinal fusion, and artificial disc replacement. Spine surgery can be performed to treat a range of conditions, such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, and spinal fractures. The surgery may involve minimally invasive techniques, which use small incisions and specialized instruments to reduce tissue damage and promote faster recovery. In some cases, spine surgery may require a more traditional open approach, which involves a larger incision to access the spine.

The Anglo-American model is also known as , ambulances are staffed by paramedics and/or emergency medical technicians. , but not to the same level as a physician. In this model it is rare to find a physician actually Specialized medical training working routinely in ambulances.